British (UK)

The National Curriculum of England (UK) is a very structured curriculum that is designed to meet the needs of all students, stretching brighter children and supporting those who need it through differentiated teaching and learning activities. The curriculum extends and excites all students, whatever their interests or ability. Through it, teachers are able to identify, celebrate and nurture the talents and intelligences of students.

British education is renowned for concerning itself with the development of the whole personality.

In the British education system, students are taught to learn by questioning, problem-solving and creative thinking rather than by the mere retention of facts, hence giving them analytical and creative thinking skills that they will need in the working world. A variety of teaching and assessment methods designed to develop independent thought as well as a mastery of the subject matter is used.

The National Curriculum of England has a clearly defined series of academic and other objectives at every level. mydrasa focuses on Key stage 3 (Year 7-9), Key stage 4 IGCSE/GCSE (Year 10-11) and Key stage 5 A-Level (Year 12-13).

mydrasa added subjects related to Key stage 4 to Year 9, and added subjects related to Key stage 5 to Year 11 for student preparation.

IGCSE stands for the "International General Certificate of Secondary Education". It is a program leading to externally set, marked and certificated examinations from the University of Cambridge. Any student who takes an IGCSE subject will be gaining a qualification that is recognized globally.

The exam boards covered under the International GCSE are Cambridge, Edexcel, and Oxford AQA.

SUbjects

Subjects

Oxford AQA - Biology - 9201

  • Overview
  • Chapters

Biology 9201 is the basic course of Biology in AQA. The content provides an excellent grounding for further study of Biology. This specification contains a broad range of topics that are designed to engage students whilst providing the knowledge and understanding required for progression to Level 3 qualifications.

  • 1: ORGANISATION
    1.1: CELL STRUCTURE
    1.1.1: Parts of eukaryotic cells
    1.1.2: Other content of the eukaryotic cells
    1.1.3: Bacterial cell
    1.1.4: Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function
    1.2: PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION
    1.2.1: Large multicellular organisms develop systems for exchanging material
    1.2.2: A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function
    1.2.3: Organs are made of tissues. One organ may contain several tissues
    1.2.4: Organ systems are groups of organs that perform a particular function.
    1.3: ANIMAL TISSUES, ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
    1.3.1: Examples of animal tissues
    1.3.2: Contents of the stomach
    1.3.3: The digestive system
    1.4: PLANT TISSUES, ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
    1.4.1: Examples of plant tissues
    1.4.2: Plant organs include stems, roots and leaves
    1.5: TRANSPORT IN CELLS
    1.5.1: Diffusion is the spreading of the particles of any substance in solution
    1.5.2: Dissolved substances can move into and out of cells by diffusion
    1.5.3: Oxygen required for respiration passes through cell membranes by diffusion
    1.5.4: Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution
    1.5.5: Differences in the concentrations of the solutions inside and outside a cell
  • 2: BIOENERGETICS
    2.1: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
    2.1.1: Photosynthesis equation
    2.1.2: During photosynthesis
    2.1.3: The rate of photosynthesis
    2.2: EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
    2.2.1: In flowering plants
    2.2.2: The surface area of roots
    2.2.3: Plants have stomata to obtain carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
    2.2.4: Plants mainly lose water vapour from their leaves
    2.2.5: The size of stomata
    2.2.6: Flowering plants have separate transport systems
    2.3: CIRCULATION IN HUMANS
    2.3.1: Substances are transported by the circulatory system
    2.3.2: The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body
    2.3.3: The heart has four main chambers
    2.3.4: The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells
    2.3.5: Coronary heart disease
    2.3.6: Heart valves may become faulty
    2.3.7: Artificial hearts
    2.3.8: Blood enters the atria of the heart
    2.3.9: Blood flows from the heart to the organs
    2.3.10: Arteries have thick walls containing muscle and elastic fibres
    2.3.11: In the organs, blood flows through capillaries
    2.3.12: Blood is a tissue consisting of a fluid called plasma
    2.3.13: Blood plasma transports
    2.3.14: Red blood cells
    2.3.15: Platelets are small fragments of cells
    2.3.16: Blood clotting
    2.3.17: Antigens are proteins on the surface of cells
    2.3.18: Organ transplants
    2.3.19: Types of human blood
    2.4: DIGESTION
    2.4.1: Starch (a carbohydrate), proteins and fats are insoluble
    2.4.2: Enzymes help the breakdown of food in the digestive system
    2.4.3: Digestive enzymes
    2.5: BREATHING
    2.5.1: The respiratory (breathing) system
    2.5.2: Inhale and exhale
    2.5.3: The alveoli provide a very large surface area
    2.5.4: Spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilators
    2.6: RESPIRATION
    2.6.1: Respiration in cells
    2.6.2: During aerobic respiration
    2.6.3: Aerobic respiration equation
    2.6.4: Aerobic respiration takes place continuously in both plants and animals
    2.6.5: Most of the reactions in aerobic respiration take place inside mitochondria
    2.6.6: The energy that is transferred during respiration
    2.6.7: During exercise the human body needs to react to the increased demand for energy
    2.6.8: Increase the supply of glucose and oxygen to the muscles
    2.6.9: Energy is transferred by anaerobic respiration
    2.6.10: Anaerobic respiration in muscles
    2.6.11: less energy is transferred in anaerobic respiration
    2.6.12: Cause of muscle fatigue is the build-up of lactic acid in the muscles
    2.6.13: Anaerobic respiration in plant cells
  • 3: ECOLOGY
    3.1: ENERGY TRANSFERRED IN ECOSYSTEMS
    3.1.1: Radiation from the Sun is the source of energy
    3.1.2: 10 % of the biomass from each trophic level is transferred to the level above it
    3.1.3: The biomass at each stage can be drawn to scale
    3.1.4: The efficiency of food production
    3.2: ADAPTATIONS, INTERDEPENDENCE AND COMPETITION
    3.2.1: Organisms require a supply of materials from their surroundings
    3.2.2: Plants often compete with each other for light and space
    3.2.3: Animals often compete with each other for food, mates and territory
    3.2.4: Features (adaptations)
    3.2.5: Some organisms live in environments that are very extreme
    3.2.6: Adaptations
    3.3: DECAY AND THE CARBON CYCLE
    3.3.1: Living organisms remove materials from the environment
    3.3.2: Materials decay because they are broken down (digested) by microorganisms
    3.3.3: The decay process releases substances that plants need to grow
    3.3.4: The processes that remove materials are balanced
    3.3.5: The carbon cycle
    3.4: HUMANS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
    3.4.1: Rapid growth in the human population
    3.4.2: Pollution by waste
    3.4.3: Large-scale deforestation in tropical areas
    3.4.4: ‘Global warming’
  • 4: ORGANISMS’ INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
    4.1: THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
    4.1.1: The nervous system enables humans to react to their surroundings
    4.1.2: The CNS is the brain and spinal cord
    4.1.2: The CNS is the brain and spinal cord
    4.1.3: Reflex actions are automatic and rapid
    4.1.4: Simple reflex action
    4.1.5: Effectors include muscles and glands
    4.2: HOMEOSTASIS
    4.2.1: Automatic control systems
    4.2.2: Control systems
    4.2.3: Receptors are found in many organs
    4.2.4: Coordination centres
    4.2.5: Internal conditions
    4.3: CONTROL OF WATER AND ION CONTENT OF THE BODY
    4.3.1: Water leaves the body via the lungs
    4.3.2: Urea and ions are lost via the skin when we sweat
    4.3.3: In the liver
    4.3.4: In a healthy kidney
    4.3.5: The pituitary gland releases a hormone called ADH into the blood
    4.3.6: If the water content of the blood is too high, less ADH is released
    4.3.7: The production of ADH
    4.4: TEMPERATURE CONTROL
    4.4.1: Body temperature is monitored and controlled by the thermoregulatory centre
    4.4.2: Temperature receptors in the skin send impulses to the thermoregulatory centre
    4.4.3: If the core body temperature is too high
    4.4.4: Sweating helps to cool the body
    4.5: CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
    4.5.1: The blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the pancreas
    4.5.2: If blood glucose levels are too high
    4.5.3: When blood glucose levels fall
    4.5.4: Type 1 diabetes
    4.5.5: Type 2 diabetes
    4.6: BEHAVIOUR
    4.6.1: Animals have different mating strategies
    4.6.2: Special behaviours for rearing their young
    4.6.3: The different behaviours displayed by animals
    4.6.4: Humans can make use of conditioning
    4.6.5: Methods of communication within the animal kingdom
    4.7: INFECTION AND RESPONSE
    4.7.1: Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogens
    4.7.2: Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly inside the body
    4.7.3: White blood cells help to defend against pathogens
    4.7.4: The immune system of the body produces specific antibodies
    4.7.5: People can be immunised against a disease
    4.7.6: Antibiotics
    4.7.7: Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens
    4.7.8: Mutations of pathogens produce new strains
    4.7.9: Many strains of bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotic
    4.7.10: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the development of new antibiotics
  • 5: INHERITANCE
    5.1: REPRODUCTION
    5.1.1: Two forms of reproduction
    5.2: CELL DIVISION
    5.2.1: The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes
    5.2.2: Many genes have different forms called alleles
    5.2.3: In body cells the chromosomes are normally found in pairs
    5.2.4: Body cells divide by mitosis to produce additional cells
    5.2.5: When a body cell divides by mitosis
    5.2.6: Cells in reproductive organs divide to form gametes
    5.2.7: A cell divides to form gametes by meiosis
    5.2.8: When a cell divides to form gametes
    5.2.9: Gametes join at fertilisation to form a single body cell
    5.2.10: Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage
    5.2.11: Stem cells can be made to differentiate into many different types of human cell
    5.2.12: In therapeutic cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient
    5.2.13: Tumours result from the abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells
    5.2.14: Tumours can be caused by chemical carcinogens
    5.3: GENETIC VARIATION
    5.3.1: Differences in the characteristics of individuals
    5.3.2: Information that results in plants and animals having similar characteristics
    5.3.3: Chromosomes carry genes that control the characteristics of the body
    5.3.4: One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes carries the genes that determine sex
    5.3.5: Different genes control the development of different characteristics
    5.3.6: If both chromosomes in a pair contain the same or different allele of a gene
    5.3.7: An allele that controls the development of a characteristic
    5.3.8: Chromosomes are made up of large molecules of DNA
    5.3.9: A gene is a small section of DNA
    5.3.10: DNA is made of very long strands
    5.3.11: A sequence of three bases is the code for a particular amino acid
    5.4: GENETIC DISORDERS
    5.4.1: Some disorders are inherited
    5.4.2: Inheritance of abnormal numbers of chromosomes
    5.5: GENETIC MANIPULATION
    5.5.1: Modern cloning techniques
    5.5.2: Genes from the chromosomes of humans and other organisms can be ‘cut out’
    5.5.3: Genes can also be transferred to the cells of animals, plants or microorganisms
    5.5.4: Genetically modified (GM) crops
    5.5.5: GM crops generally show increased yields
    5.5.6: The effects of eating GM crops on human health
  • 6: VARIATION AND EVOLUTION
    6.1: CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION
    6.1.1: The causes of variation
    6.2: NATURAL SELECTION
    6.2.1: Theories of how organisms have evolved
    6.2.2: Evolution occurs via natural selection
    6.2.3: New species

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