mydrasa | Cambridge - Physics

1: General physics

1.1: Length and time

1.1.1: The use of rules and measuring cylinders to find a length or a volume

1.1.2: Micrometer screw gauge is used to measure very small distances

1.1.3: The use of clocks and devices for measuring an interval of time

1.1.4: Average value for a small distance and for a short interval of time

1.2: Motion

1.2.1: Speed

1.2.2: Speed and velocity

1.2.3: speed–time graph and distance–time graph

1.2.4: Acceleration

1.2.5: Speed from the gradient of a distance–time graph

1.2.6: Speed–time graph

1.2.7: Acceleration from the gradient of a speed–time graph

1.2.8: linear motion for which the acceleration is constant

1.2.9: The distance travelled for motion with constant acceleration

1.2.10: Motion for which the acceleration is not constant

1.2.11: Deceleration

1.2.12: Acceleration and deceleration are related to changing speed

1.2.13: The motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field

1.2.14: The acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant

1.3: Mass and weight

1.3.1: The mass of a body

1.3.2: Mass is a property that ‘resists’ change in motion

1.3.3: Weight is a gravitational force

1.3.4: weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass

1.3.5: Mass and weight

1.3.6: The equation W = mg

1.3.7: Weights (and hence masses) may be compared using a balance

1.4: Density

1.4.1: The equation ρ = m/V

1.4.2: The density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped solid

1.4.3: The density of an irregularly shaped solid by the method of displacement

1.4.4: Floating based on density data

1.5: Effects of forces

1.5.1: A force may produce a change in size and shape of a body

1.5.2: Extension–load graphs

1.5.3: Hooke’s Law

1.5.4: ‘Limit of proportionality’

1.5.5: The ways in which a force may change the motion of a body

1.5.6: The relationship between force, mass and acceleration

1.5.7: The resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line

1.5.8: Motion in a circular path due to a perpendicular force

1.5.9: No resultant force on a body

1.5.10: Friction

1.5.11: Air resistance

1.6: Turning effect

1.6.1: The moment of a force

1.6.2: Increasing force or distance from the pivot increases the moment of a force

1.6.3: Moment

1.6.4: The principle of moments

1.6.5: The principle of moments in different situations

1.7: Conditions for equilibrium

1.7.1: System in equilibrium

1.7.2: No net moment on a body in equilibrium

1.8: Centre of mass

1.8.1: The position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina

1.8.2: The effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of objects

1.9: Scalars and vectors

1.9.1: Vectors have a magnitude and direction

1.9.2: The difference between scalars and vectors

1.9.3: The resultant of two vectors

1.10: Momentum

1.10.1: The concepts of momentum and impulse

1.10.2: Momentum equation

1.10.3: Impulse equation

1.10.4: The conservation of momentum

1.11: Energy

1.11.1: Changes in energy

1.11.2: Kinetic energy and change in gravitational potential energy

1.11.3: Energy is transferred during events and processes

1.11.4: The principle of conservation of energy

1.11.5: The principle of conservation of energy applied to multiple stages

1.11.6: The energy tends to become dissipated among the objects and surroundings

1.12: Energy resources

1.12.1: Obtaining electricity and other useful forms of energy

1.12.2: Sun is the source of energy for all our energy resources

1.12.3: Energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun

1.12.4: Advantages and disadvantages of energy resources

1.12.5: Efficiency

1.12.6: Efficiency equation

1.13: Work

1.13.1: Work done = energy transferred

1.13.2: W = Fd = ΔE

1.13.3: The magnitude of a force and the distance moved in the direction of the force

1.14: Power

1.14.1: Power related to work done and time taken

1.14.2: The equation P = ΔE / t

1.15: Pressure

1.15.1: The equation p = F / A

1.15.2: pressure related to force and area

1.15.3: The simple mercury barometer and its use in measuring atmospheric pressure

1.15.4: The pressure beneath a liquid surface related to depth and to density

1.15.5: The equation p = hρg

1.15.6: The use of a manometer
2: Thermal physics

2.1: States of matter

2.1.1: The distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases

2.2: Molecular model

2.2.1: The molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases

2.2.2: The properties of solids, liquids and gases

2.2.3: The temperature of a gas

2.2.4: The pressure of a gas

2.2.5: The change of momentum of the particles striking the walls creating a force

2.2.6: The random motion of particles in a suspension

2.2.7: Massive particles may be moved by light, fast-moving molecules

2.2.8: Brownian motion

2.3: Evaporation

2.3.1: Evaporation

2.3.2: Temperature, surface area and draught over a surface influence evaporation

2.3.3: Evaporation related to the consequent cooling of the liquid

2.3.4: The cooling of a body in contact with an evaporating liquid

2.4: Pressure changes

2.4.1: The effect on the pressure of a gas

2.4.2: The equation pV = constant

2.5: Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases

2.5.1: The thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases at constant pressure

2.5.2: The order of the magnitude of the expansion of solids, liquids and gases

2.5.3: Applications and consequences of thermal expansion

2.6: Measurement of temperature

2.6.1: A physical property that varies with temperature

2.6.2: Sensitivity, range and linearity

2.6.3: The structure of a thermocouple

2.6.4: The need for and identify fixed points

2.6.5: The structure and action of liquid-in-glass thermometers

2.6.6: Sensitivity, range and linearity of liquid-in-glass thermometer

2.7: Thermal capacity (heat capacity)

2.7.1: A rise in the temperature of a body

2.7.2: Increase in internal energy

2.7.3: The thermal capacity of a body

2.7.4: The equation of thermal capacity

2.7.5: Specific heat capacity

2.7.6: The specific heat capacity of a substance

2.7.7: The equation of change in energy

2.8: Melting and boiling

2.8.1: Melting and boiling

2.8.2: Boiling and evaporation

2.8.3: Melting point and boiling point

2.8.4: Condensation and solidification

2.8.5: Latent heat of vaporisation and latent heat of fusion

2.8.6: Specific latent heat

2.8.7: Specific latent heats for steam and for ice

2.8.8: The equation of energy

2.9: Conduction

2.9.1: The properties of good and bad thermal conductors

2.9.2: Conduction in solids

2.10: Convection

2.10.1: Convection

2.10.2: Convection in fluids related to density changes

2.11: Radiation

2.11.1: Infrared radiation

2.11.2: The properties of good and bad emitters and absorbers of infrared radiation

2.11.3: Thermal energy transfer by radiation does not require a medium

2.11.4: The effect of surface colour and texture on radiation

2.11.5: The amount of radiation emitted depends on the surface temperature and area

2.12: Consequences of energy transfer

2.12.1: Applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation
3: Properties of waves, including light and sound

3.1: General wave properties

3.1.1: Waves transfer energy without transferring matter

3.1.2: Wave motion

3.1.3: Wavefront

3.1.4: Speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude

3.1.5: The equation v = f λ

3.1.6: Transverse and longitudinal waves

3.1.7: Reflection, refraction, and diffraction

3.1.8: Wavelength and gap size affects diffraction through a gap

3.1.9: Wavelength affects diffraction at an edge

3.1.10: The use of water waves to demonstrate reflection, refraction and diffraction

3.2: Reflection of light

3.2.1: The formation of an optical image by a plane mirror

3.2.2: The image in a plane mirror is virtual

3.2.3: Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

3.2.4: Reflection by plane mirrors

3.3: Refraction of light

3.3.1: Refraction of light

3.3.2: Refractive index

3.3.3: The passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material

3.3.4: The equation sin i/sin r = n

3.3.5: n = 1/sin c

3.3.6: The action of optical fibres in medicine and communications technology

3.3.7: Critical angle

3.3.8: Internal and total internal reflection

3.4: Thin converging lens

3.4.1: The action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light

3.4.2: Principal focus and focal length

3.4.3: The formation of a real image by a single lens

3.4.4: The formation of a virtual image by a single lens

3.4.5: The nature of an image

3.4.6: The use of a single lens as a magnifying glass

3.4.7: Real image and virtual image

3.5: Dispersion of light

3.5.1: The dispersion of light

3.5.2: Light of a single frequency is described as monochromatic

3.6: Electromagnetic spectrum

3.6.1: The main features of the electromagnetic spectrum

3.6.2: The speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum

3.6.3: All electromagnetic waves travel with the same high speed in a vacuum

3.6.4: Properties and uses of radiations

3.6.5: Safety issues regarding the use of microwaves and X-rays

3.7: Sound

3.7.1: The production of sound by vibrating sources

3.7.2: The longitudinal nature of sound waves

3.7.3: Compression and rarefaction

3.7.4: The approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear

3.7.5: Ultrasound

3.7.6: A medium is needed to transmit sound waves

3.7.7: The speed of sound in air

3.7.8: The speed of sound in gases, liquids and solids

3.7.9: The loudness and pitch of sound waves related to amplitude and frequency

3.7.10: The reflection of sound may produce an echo
4: Electricity and magnetism

4.1: Simple phenomena of magnetism

4.1.1: The forces between magnets, and between magnets and magnetic materials

4.1.2: Magnetic forces are due to interactions between magnetic fields

4.1.3: Induced magnetism

4.1.4: Magnetic and non-magnetic materials

4.1.5: Methods of magnetisation

4.1.6: Methods of demagnetisation

4.1.7: The pattern of magnetic field lines around a bar magnet

4.1.8: The pattern of magnetic field lines

4.1.9: The magnetic properties of soft iron and steel

4.1.10: The design and use of permanent magnets and electromagnets

4.2: Electric charge

4.2.1: Positive and negative charges

4.2.2: Charge is measured in coulombs

4.2.3: Unlike charges attract and like charges repel

4.2.4: The direction of an electric field

4.2.5: The production and detection of electrostatic charges

4.2.6: Electric field

4.2.7: Charging a body involves the addition or removal of electrons

4.2.8: Simple field patterns

4.2.9: Charging by induction

4.2.10: Electrical conductors and insulators

4.2.11: Simple electron model to distinguish between conductors and insulators

4.3: Current

4.3.1: Current is related to the flow of charge

4.3.2: Current is a rate of flow of charge

4.3.3: The use of an ammeter

4.3.4: Current in metals is due to a flow of electrons

4.3.5: The direction of flow of electrons and conventional current

4.4: Electromotive force

4.4.1: Electromotive force of an electrical source of energy is measured in volts

4.4.2: Energy supplied by a source in driving charge round a complete circuit

4.5: Potential difference

4.5.1: The potential difference (p.d.) across a circuit component is measured in volts

4.5.2: 1 V is equivalent to 1 J / C

4.5.3: The use of a voltmeter

4.6: Resistance

4.6.1: Resistance = p.d. / current

4.6.2: The current–voltage characteristic of an ohmic resistor and a filament lamp

4.6.3: The equation R = V / I

4.6.4: Resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter

4.6.5: The resistance of a wire related to its length and to its diameter

4.6.6: Relation between resistance, length, and cross sectional area of a wire

4.7: Electrical working

4.7.1: Electric circuits transfer energy

4.7.2: The equations P = IV and E = IVt

4.8: Circuit diagrams

4.8.1: Circuit diagrams drawings

4.8.2: Circuit diagrams containing diodes

4.9: Series and parallel circuits

4.9.1: The current at every point in a series circuit is the same

4.9.2: The combined e.m.f. of several sources in series

4.9.3: The combined resistance of two or more resistors in series

4.9.4: The sum of the p.d.s across the components in a series circuit

4.9.5: Parallel circuit

4.9.6: Calculating current

4.9.7: The combined resistance of two resistors in parallel

4.9.8: The effective resistance of two resistors in parallel

4.9.9: The advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit

4.10: Action and use of circuit components

4.10.1: The action of a variable potential divider (potentiometer)

4.10.2: The action of a diode and its use as a rectifier

4.10.3: The action of thermistors and light dependent resistors

4.10.4: Circuits operating as light-sensitive switches and temperature-operated alarms

4.10.5: The action of a relay and its use in switching circuits

4.11: Digital electronics

4.11.1: Analogue and digital

4.11.2: The action of NOT, AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates

4.11.3: The symbols for logic gates

4.11.4: Simple digital circuits combining several logic gates

4.11.5: The action of individual gates and simple combinations of gates

4.12: Dangers of electricity

4.12.1: Hazards

4.12.2: A fuse protects a circuit

4.12.3: The use of fuses and circuit breakers

4.12.4: The benefits of earthing metal cases

4.13: Electromagnetic induction

4.13.1: Inducing an e.m.f. in the conductor

4.13.2: The direction of an induced e.m.f. opposes the change causing it

4.13.3: The relative directions of force, field and induced current

4.13.4: Electromagnetic induction experiment

4.13.5: The factors affecting the magnitude of an induced e.m.f.

4.14: a.c. generator

4.14.1: d.c. and a.c.

4.14.2: A rotating-coil generator and the use of slip rings

4.14.3: Voltage output against time

4.14.4: The position of the generator coil related to the voltage output

4.15: Transformer

4.15.1: The construction of a basic transformer with a soft-iron core

4.15.2: The principle of operation of a transformer

4.15.3: The equation (Vp / Vs) = (Np / Ns)

4.15.4: Step-up and step-down

4.15.5: The use of the transformer in high voltage transmission of electricity

4.15.6: The advantages of high-voltage transmission

4.15.7: Power losses in cables are lower when the voltage is high

4.16: The magnetic effect of a current

4.16.1: The pattern of the magnetic field

4.16.2: Variation of the strength of the magnetic field over the pattern

4.16.3: Applications of the magnetic effect of current

4.16.4: The direction of a magnetic field line at a point

4.16.5: Changing the magnitude and direction of the current

4.17: Force on a current-carrying conductor

4.17.1: A force acts on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

4.17.2: The relative directions of force, field and current

4.17.3: The corresponding force on beams of charged particles

4.18: d.c. motor

4.18.1: A current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect

4.18.2: The turning effect related to the action of an electric motor
5: Atomic physics

5.1: Atomic model

5.1.1: The structure of an atom

5.1.2: The scattering of α-particles by thin metal foils

5.2: Nucleus

5.2.1: The composition of the nucleus

5.2.2: Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

5.2.3: The charges of protons and neutrons

5.2.4: Proton number Z

5.2.5: Nucleon number A

5.2.6: Nuclide

5.2.7: Equations involving nuclide notation

5.2.8: Isotope

5.3: Detection of radioactivity

5.3.1: Background radiation

5.3.2: The detection of α-particles, β‑particles and γ-rays

5.4: Characteristics of the three kinds of emission

5.4.1: The random nature of radioactive emission

5.4.2: α-, β- and γ-emissions

5.4.3: Deflection in electric fields and in magnetic fields

5.4.4: Relative ionising effects

5.4.5: Practical applications of α-, β- and γ-emissions

5.5: Radioactive decay

5.5.1: Radioactive decay meaning

5.5.2: Changes in the composition of the nucleus when particles are emitted

5.5.3: During α- or β-decay the nucleus changes to that of a different element

5.6: Half-life

5.6.1: Half-life in simple calculations

5.6.2: Half-life from data or decay curves

5.7: Safety precautions

5.7.1: The effects of ionising radiations on living things

5.7.2: How radioactive materials are handled, used and stored in a safe way

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Cambridge - Physics - 0625

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Cambridge - Physics - 0625

As education evolves, mydrasa is at the forefront, shaping tomorrow's schooling experience.

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